What is Corruption?

Corruption or corrupt may refer to:

Political corruption, the dysfunction of a political system or institution in which government officials, political officials or employees seek illegitimate personal gain through actions such as bribery, extortion, etc...Some common forms of corruption that exist today are;

> Corporate corruption - the abuse of power by corporate managers against shareholders or consumers

> Putrefaction - the decomposition of recently-living bio-matter

> Data corruption - an unintended change to data in storage or in transit

> Corruption (linguistics) - the change in meaning to a language or a text introduced by cumulative errors in transcription as changes in the language speakers' comprehension

> Bribery - in politics, business, or sport (including match fixing)

World Map Index of perception of corruption

However, I am particularly interested in Political Corruption and therefore, I will define the term and give few examples of what I read, hear, and see happening everyday in no other place than Papua New Guinea (PNG).

Political corruption is simply the use of legislated powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain as it is prevalent in Papua New Guinea and many other nations around the world. The effects of corruption can be catastrophic on the social, economic, and political scenes within the country.

* Bribery: This requires two participants: one to give the bribe, and one to take it.

* Trading in influence: Trading in influence, or influence peddling in certain countries, refers to the situation where a person is selling his/her influence over the decision process involving a third party (person or institution).

* Graft: While bribery includes an intent to influence or be influenced by another for personal gain, which is often difficult to prove, graft only requires that the official gains something of value, not part of his official pay, when doing his work. Large "gifts" qualify as graft.

* Patronage: This refers to favoring supporters, for example with government employment. This may be legitimate, as when a newly elected government changes the top officials in the administration in order to effectively implement its policy.

* Nepotism and cronyism: Favoring relatives (nepotism) or personal friends (cronyism) of an official is a form of illegitimate private gain.

* Embezzlement: This is outright theft of entrusted funds. It is a misappropriation of property.

* Kickbacks: A kickback is an official's share of misappropriated funds allocated from his or her organization to an organization involved in corrupt bidding.

* Unholy Alliance: An unholy alliance is a coalition among seemingly antagonistic groups, especially if one is religious, for ad hoc or hidden gain.

* Involvement in organized crime: Leaders/people team up with foreigners who do not have proper work permit or who illegally entered the country to set up businesses illegally against the laws of a country. (Does this sound familiar to you, those in PNG and worldwide?)

Where does Papua New Guinea come under as far as the above are concerned? If it was a test question, I would answer, ALL OF THE ABOVE

What is Corruption?

Corruption or corrupt may refer to:

Political corruption, the dysfunction of a political system or institution in which government officials, political officials or employees seek illegitimate personal gain through actions such as bribery, extortion, etc...Some common forms of corruption that exist today are;

> Corporate corruption - the abuse of power by corporate managers against shareholders or consumers

> Putrefaction - the decomposition of recently-living bio-matter

> Data corruption - an unintended change to data in storage or in transit

> Corruption (linguistics) - the change in meaning to a language or a text introduced by cumulative errors in transcription as changes in the language speakers' comprehension

> Bribery - in politics, business, or sport (including match fixing)

World Map Index of perception of corruption

However, I am particularly interested in Political Corruption and therefore, I will define the term and give few examples of what I read, hear, and see happening everyday in no other place than Papua New Guinea (PNG).

Political corruption is simply the use of legislated powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain as it is prevalent in Papua New Guinea and many other nations around the world. The effects of corruption can be catastrophic on the social, economic, and political scenes within the country.

* Bribery: This requires two participants: one to give the bribe, and one to take it.

* Trading in influence: Trading in influence, or influence peddling in certain countries, refers to the situation where a person is selling his/her influence over the decision process involving a third party (person or institution).

* Graft: While bribery includes an intent to influence or be influenced by another for personal gain, which is often difficult to prove, graft only requires that the official gains something of value, not part of his official pay, when doing his work. Large "gifts" qualify as graft.

* Patronage: This refers to favoring supporters, for example with government employment. This may be legitimate, as when a newly elected government changes the top officials in the administration in order to effectively implement its policy.

* Nepotism and cronyism: Favoring relatives (nepotism) or personal friends (cronyism) of an official is a form of illegitimate private gain.

* Embezzlement: This is outright theft of entrusted funds. It is a misappropriation of property.

* Kickbacks: A kickback is an official's share of misappropriated funds allocated from his or her organization to an organization involved in corrupt bidding.

* Unholy Alliance: An unholy alliance is a coalition among seemingly antagonistic groups, especially if one is religious, for ad hoc or hidden gain.

* Involvement in organized crime: Leaders/people team up with foreigners who do not have proper work permit or who illegally entered the country to set up businesses illegally against the laws of a country. (Does this sound familiar to you, those in PNG and worldwide?)

Where does Papua New Guinea come under as far as the above are concerned? If it was a test question, I would answer, ALL OF THE ABOVE

What is Corruption?

Corruption or corrupt may refer to:

Political corruption, the dysfunction of a political system or institution in which government officials, political officials or employees seek illegitimate personal gain through actions such as bribery, extortion, etc...Some common forms of corruption that exist today are;

> Corporate corruption - the abuse of power by corporate managers against shareholders or consumers

> Putrefaction - the decomposition of recently-living bio-matter

> Data corruption - an unintended change to data in storage or in transit

> Corruption (linguistics) - the change in meaning to a language or a text introduced by cumulative errors in transcription as changes in the language speakers' comprehension

> Bribery - in politics, business, or sport (including match fixing)

World Map Index of perception of corruption

However, I am particularly interested in Political Corruption and therefore, I will define the term and give few examples of what I read, hear, and see happening everyday in no other place than Papua New Guinea (PNG).

Political corruption is simply the use of legislated powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain as it is prevalent in Papua New Guinea and many other nations around the world. The effects of corruption can be catastrophic on the social, economic, and political scenes within the country.

* Bribery: This requires two participants: one to give the bribe, and one to take it.

* Trading in influence: Trading in influence, or influence peddling in certain countries, refers to the situation where a person is selling his/her influence over the decision process involving a third party (person or institution).

* Graft: While bribery includes an intent to influence or be influenced by another for personal gain, which is often difficult to prove, graft only requires that the official gains something of value, not part of his official pay, when doing his work. Large "gifts" qualify as graft.

* Patronage: This refers to favoring supporters, for example with government employment. This may be legitimate, as when a newly elected government changes the top officials in the administration in order to effectively implement its policy.

* Nepotism and cronyism: Favoring relatives (nepotism) or personal friends (cronyism) of an official is a form of illegitimate private gain.

* Embezzlement: This is outright theft of entrusted funds. It is a misappropriation of property.

* Kickbacks: A kickback is an official's share of misappropriated funds allocated from his or her organization to an organization involved in corrupt bidding.

* Unholy Alliance: An unholy alliance is a coalition among seemingly antagonistic groups, especially if one is religious, for ad hoc or hidden gain.

* Involvement in organized crime: Leaders/people team up with foreigners who do not have proper work permit or who illegally entered the country to set up businesses illegally against the laws of a country. (Does this sound familiar to you, those in PNG and worldwide?)

Where does Papua New Guinea come under as far as the above are concerned? If it was a test question, I would answer, ALL OF THE ABOVE

Check out Papua New Guinea's fine artifacts on display throughout the country

Below is a map of Papua New Guinea and surrounding island nations in the Pacific that shows where some of the best artifacts are made. Each number on the map represents the location and artifact made there.

1. Solomon Islands and Bougainville (North Solomons Province, PNG): detailed carvings and jewelry inlaid with pearlshell or overlaid with filigree turtle shell. Strings of handcut shell money are made and sold to neighboring groups. crafts, jewelry, cutting shell, shell money, map, books

2. New Ireland, Lavongai (New Hanover), Lihir, Tabar (New Ireland Province, PNG): elaborate painted fret work Malangan sculptures and masks. Malagan and other New Ireland funeral art

3. New Britain and Duke of York Islands (East and West New Britain Provinces, PNG): Baining bark cloth fire dance masks, Tolai dukduk masks, Sulka and Menge masks, Kandrian shields. Sulka masks, Sulka dance information, Baining dances and bark cloth masks, Tolai tubuan and dukduk masks

4. Admiralty Islands and the St. Matthias Group (Manus Province, PNG): carved bowls, lime spatulas and decorated gourds, basketry and pottery are in early collections. Not shown: Vanuatu (New Hebrides and Banks Islands) and New Caledonia (French) are on the eastern side of the Coral Sea. New Caledonia Kanak masks, carvings and other objects are only found in a few early collections. Vanuatu carvers sculpt large tree fern figures and vertical slit-gong drums. Fiji can also be included in Melanesia, but their art is more Polynesian.

Papua New Guinea

5. North coast including the coastal mountain ranges, the Sepik-Ramu river basin and neighboring hills and mountains (East Sepik and Sandaun (West Sepik) Provinces): highly developed artistic cultures focused around large men's ceremonial Haus Tambarans. Extensive material culture includes masks, sculptures, bark paintings, pottery and numerous other artifacts.

Sepik River: map with links to articles on different art areas and villages, masks - Middle Sepik, Ramu River: masks - carvings - map, Karawari and Blackwater Rivers: masks - carvings - map, yam masks - fiber, yam masks - wood, pottery - Chambri, story boards, cane and fiber figures

6. Northeast coast up to Astrolabe Bay (parts of Madang Province, PNG): telum wood figures from this area were some of the first to appear in European collections.

7. Tami, Siassi and Umboi Islands (Morobe Province, PNG): Tami and Siassi wooden bowls are representative of their fine wood carving, also bark cloth tago masks.

8. Huon Peninsula, Finisterre Range and Markham Valley back of Lae (Morobe Province, PNG): colorful tall bark cloth dance plaques and similar ceremonial pieces, pottery decorated with small figures.

9. Papua New Guinea Highlands (Enga, Chimbu, Western, Eastern and Southern Highlands Provinces, PNG): Highland tribes are known for their dramatic ceremonial body painting, kina shell jewelry and human hair wigs decorated with Bird of Paradise and other plumes. body art, jewelry - dancers Bundi tapa

10. Oro region (Oro Province, formerly the Northern Province, PNG): bark cloth (tapa) produced for trade. barkcloth (tapa).

11. Massima region (Milne Bay Province, PNG): a triangle of islands, including the Trobriand Islands, and associated area of coast. The Kula ceremonial trading cycles tied these peoples together in a complex network of individual exchanges between both men and women. Artifacts include ebony carvings and Kula shell jewelry. Massim: crafts - kula - map Kula canoe

12. South Coast from East Cape to Yule Island (Central Province includes the PNG capital, Port Moresby): Motu and Mailu people were great sailors. The Motu made major trading voyages in large outrigger canoes, lakatoi, carrying pottery to trade for sago in the Papuan Gulf. They also had complex tattoos.

13. Gulf of Papua (Gulf Province, PNG), Fly River region (Western Province, PNG) and Torres Strait Islands (Australia): large bark cloth and basketry masks, flat oval boards carved in low relief in the Gulf. Gogodala on the Fly make 3-dimensional painted figures. Torres Strait made elegant turtle shell masks. Papuan Gulf: masks-carvings-map-Gogodala-Kukukuku

14. South coast west of Merauke and swamplands back of Agats (Papua, Indonesia): Marind-anim, Asmat, Mimika and related tribes. The Asmat are famous for their towering white bisj poles carved from mangrove root. Asmat art

15. Highlands of Papua (administrative center is Wamena): many tribes live close to their Stone Age origins. Men in some groups still wear gourd phallocrypts. phallocrypts

16. Bird's Head (Vogelkop) Peninsula to Cendrawasih (Geelvink) Bay (Papua, Indonesia): centuries of extensive trade in Bird of Paradise plumes with Moluccan Islamic sultanates before European contact. Korwar figures carved to honor the dead. Biak Island had metal works.

17. Jos Sudarso (Humboldt) Bay, Lake Sentani and east along the coast from the Papua provincial capital of Jayapura (Hollandia) to Aitape in PNG: Asian Dong-s'on bronze objects and glass trade beads were collected at Lake Sentani. Wood carvings, canoes and paddles and bark cloth display delicate nature-based motifs.

Check out Papua New Guinea's fine artifacts on display throughout the country

Below is a map of Papua New Guinea and surrounding island nations in the Pacific that shows where some of the best artifacts are made. Each number on the map represents the location and artifact made there.

1. Solomon Islands and Bougainville (North Solomons Province, PNG): detailed carvings and jewelry inlaid with pearlshell or overlaid with filigree turtle shell. Strings of handcut shell money are made and sold to neighboring groups. crafts, jewelry, cutting shell, shell money, map, books

2. New Ireland, Lavongai (New Hanover), Lihir, Tabar (New Ireland Province, PNG): elaborate painted fret work Malangan sculptures and masks. Malagan and other New Ireland funeral art

3. New Britain and Duke of York Islands (East and West New Britain Provinces, PNG): Baining bark cloth fire dance masks, Tolai dukduk masks, Sulka and Menge masks, Kandrian shields. Sulka masks, Sulka dance information, Baining dances and bark cloth masks, Tolai tubuan and dukduk masks

4. Admiralty Islands and the St. Matthias Group (Manus Province, PNG): carved bowls, lime spatulas and decorated gourds, basketry and pottery are in early collections. Not shown: Vanuatu (New Hebrides and Banks Islands) and New Caledonia (French) are on the eastern side of the Coral Sea. New Caledonia Kanak masks, carvings and other objects are only found in a few early collections. Vanuatu carvers sculpt large tree fern figures and vertical slit-gong drums. Fiji can also be included in Melanesia, but their art is more Polynesian.

Papua New Guinea

5. North coast including the coastal mountain ranges, the Sepik-Ramu river basin and neighboring hills and mountains (East Sepik and Sandaun (West Sepik) Provinces): highly developed artistic cultures focused around large men's ceremonial Haus Tambarans. Extensive material culture includes masks, sculptures, bark paintings, pottery and numerous other artifacts.

Sepik River: map with links to articles on different art areas and villages, masks - Middle Sepik, Ramu River: masks - carvings - map, Karawari and Blackwater Rivers: masks - carvings - map, yam masks - fiber, yam masks - wood, pottery - Chambri, story boards, cane and fiber figures

6. Northeast coast up to Astrolabe Bay (parts of Madang Province, PNG): telum wood figures from this area were some of the first to appear in European collections.

7. Tami, Siassi and Umboi Islands (Morobe Province, PNG): Tami and Siassi wooden bowls are representative of their fine wood carving, also bark cloth tago masks.

8. Huon Peninsula, Finisterre Range and Markham Valley back of Lae (Morobe Province, PNG): colorful tall bark cloth dance plaques and similar ceremonial pieces, pottery decorated with small figures.

9. Papua New Guinea Highlands (Enga, Chimbu, Western, Eastern and Southern Highlands Provinces, PNG): Highland tribes are known for their dramatic ceremonial body painting, kina shell jewelry and human hair wigs decorated with Bird of Paradise and other plumes. body art, jewelry - dancers Bundi tapa

10. Oro region (Oro Province, formerly the Northern Province, PNG): bark cloth (tapa) produced for trade. barkcloth (tapa).

11. Massima region (Milne Bay Province, PNG): a triangle of islands, including the Trobriand Islands, and associated area of coast. The Kula ceremonial trading cycles tied these peoples together in a complex network of individual exchanges between both men and women. Artifacts include ebony carvings and Kula shell jewelry. Massim: crafts - kula - map Kula canoe

12. South Coast from East Cape to Yule Island (Central Province includes the PNG capital, Port Moresby): Motu and Mailu people were great sailors. The Motu made major trading voyages in large outrigger canoes, lakatoi, carrying pottery to trade for sago in the Papuan Gulf. They also had complex tattoos.

13. Gulf of Papua (Gulf Province, PNG), Fly River region (Western Province, PNG) and Torres Strait Islands (Australia): large bark cloth and basketry masks, flat oval boards carved in low relief in the Gulf. Gogodala on the Fly make 3-dimensional painted figures. Torres Strait made elegant turtle shell masks. Papuan Gulf: masks-carvings-map-Gogodala-Kukukuku

14. South coast west of Merauke and swamplands back of Agats (Papua, Indonesia): Marind-anim, Asmat, Mimika and related tribes. The Asmat are famous for their towering white bisj poles carved from mangrove root. Asmat art

15. Highlands of Papua (administrative center is Wamena): many tribes live close to their Stone Age origins. Men in some groups still wear gourd phallocrypts. phallocrypts

16. Bird's Head (Vogelkop) Peninsula to Cendrawasih (Geelvink) Bay (Papua, Indonesia): centuries of extensive trade in Bird of Paradise plumes with Moluccan Islamic sultanates before European contact. Korwar figures carved to honor the dead. Biak Island had metal works.

17. Jos Sudarso (Humboldt) Bay, Lake Sentani and east along the coast from the Papua provincial capital of Jayapura (Hollandia) to Aitape in PNG: Asian Dong-s'on bronze objects and glass trade beads were collected at Lake Sentani. Wood carvings, canoes and paddles and bark cloth display delicate nature-based motifs.

Check out Papua New Guinea's fine artifacts on display throughout the country

Below is a map of Papua New Guinea and surrounding island nations in the Pacific that shows where some of the best artifacts are made. Each number on the map represents the location and artifact made there.

1. Solomon Islands and Bougainville (North Solomons Province, PNG): detailed carvings and jewelry inlaid with pearlshell or overlaid with filigree turtle shell. Strings of handcut shell money are made and sold to neighboring groups. crafts, jewelry, cutting shell, shell money, map, books

2. New Ireland, Lavongai (New Hanover), Lihir, Tabar (New Ireland Province, PNG): elaborate painted fret work Malangan sculptures and masks. Malagan and other New Ireland funeral art

3. New Britain and Duke of York Islands (East and West New Britain Provinces, PNG): Baining bark cloth fire dance masks, Tolai dukduk masks, Sulka and Menge masks, Kandrian shields. Sulka masks, Sulka dance information, Baining dances and bark cloth masks, Tolai tubuan and dukduk masks

4. Admiralty Islands and the St. Matthias Group (Manus Province, PNG): carved bowls, lime spatulas and decorated gourds, basketry and pottery are in early collections. Not shown: Vanuatu (New Hebrides and Banks Islands) and New Caledonia (French) are on the eastern side of the Coral Sea. New Caledonia Kanak masks, carvings and other objects are only found in a few early collections. Vanuatu carvers sculpt large tree fern figures and vertical slit-gong drums. Fiji can also be included in Melanesia, but their art is more Polynesian.

Papua New Guinea

5. North coast including the coastal mountain ranges, the Sepik-Ramu river basin and neighboring hills and mountains (East Sepik and Sandaun (West Sepik) Provinces): highly developed artistic cultures focused around large men's ceremonial Haus Tambarans. Extensive material culture includes masks, sculptures, bark paintings, pottery and numerous other artifacts.

Sepik River: map with links to articles on different art areas and villages, masks - Middle Sepik, Ramu River: masks - carvings - map, Karawari and Blackwater Rivers: masks - carvings - map, yam masks - fiber, yam masks - wood, pottery - Chambri, story boards, cane and fiber figures

6. Northeast coast up to Astrolabe Bay (parts of Madang Province, PNG): telum wood figures from this area were some of the first to appear in European collections.

7. Tami, Siassi and Umboi Islands (Morobe Province, PNG): Tami and Siassi wooden bowls are representative of their fine wood carving, also bark cloth tago masks.

8. Huon Peninsula, Finisterre Range and Markham Valley back of Lae (Morobe Province, PNG): colorful tall bark cloth dance plaques and similar ceremonial pieces, pottery decorated with small figures.

9. Papua New Guinea Highlands (Enga, Chimbu, Western, Eastern and Southern Highlands Provinces, PNG): Highland tribes are known for their dramatic ceremonial body painting, kina shell jewelry and human hair wigs decorated with Bird of Paradise and other plumes. body art, jewelry - dancers Bundi tapa

10. Oro region (Oro Province, formerly the Northern Province, PNG): bark cloth (tapa) produced for trade. barkcloth (tapa).

11. Massima region (Milne Bay Province, PNG): a triangle of islands, including the Trobriand Islands, and associated area of coast. The Kula ceremonial trading cycles tied these peoples together in a complex network of individual exchanges between both men and women. Artifacts include ebony carvings and Kula shell jewelry. Massim: crafts - kula - map Kula canoe

12. South Coast from East Cape to Yule Island (Central Province includes the PNG capital, Port Moresby): Motu and Mailu people were great sailors. The Motu made major trading voyages in large outrigger canoes, lakatoi, carrying pottery to trade for sago in the Papuan Gulf. They also had complex tattoos.

13. Gulf of Papua (Gulf Province, PNG), Fly River region (Western Province, PNG) and Torres Strait Islands (Australia): large bark cloth and basketry masks, flat oval boards carved in low relief in the Gulf. Gogodala on the Fly make 3-dimensional painted figures. Torres Strait made elegant turtle shell masks. Papuan Gulf: masks-carvings-map-Gogodala-Kukukuku

14. South coast west of Merauke and swamplands back of Agats (Papua, Indonesia): Marind-anim, Asmat, Mimika and related tribes. The Asmat are famous for their towering white bisj poles carved from mangrove root. Asmat art

15. Highlands of Papua (administrative center is Wamena): many tribes live close to their Stone Age origins. Men in some groups still wear gourd phallocrypts. phallocrypts

16. Bird's Head (Vogelkop) Peninsula to Cendrawasih (Geelvink) Bay (Papua, Indonesia): centuries of extensive trade in Bird of Paradise plumes with Moluccan Islamic sultanates before European contact. Korwar figures carved to honor the dead. Biak Island had metal works.

17. Jos Sudarso (Humboldt) Bay, Lake Sentani and east along the coast from the Papua provincial capital of Jayapura (Hollandia) to Aitape in PNG: Asian Dong-s'on bronze objects and glass trade beads were collected at Lake Sentani. Wood carvings, canoes and paddles and bark cloth display delicate nature-based motifs.